研(yan)磨(mo)(mo)加工(gong)(gong)有(you)著其它加工(gong)(gong)技(ji)術無可比擬的(de)(de)長(chang)處(chu)(chu)：研(yan)磨(mo)(mo)屬于典型的(de)(de)“直接創造性(xing)(xing)加工(gong)(gong)”或者稱為“進化加工(gong)(gong)”;即在工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)母(mu)機上采取提高(gao)精(jing)(jing)度(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)措施(微量(liang)進給、低研(yan)磨(mo)(mo)速度(du)(du)(du)、不斷改變(bian)研(yan)磨(mo)(mo)運(yun)動(dong)方向等)直接加工(gong)(gong)出比工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)母(mu)機精(jing)(jing)度(du)(du)(du)更高(gao)的(de)(de)零件(jian)(jian)。這是因(yin)為當研(yan)具與(yu)工(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)接觸(chu)時，在非(fei)超精(jing)(jing)密平面(mian)研(yan)磨(mo)(mo)劃(hua)痕(hen)形成的(de)(de)建模與(yu)仿真強制性(xing)(xing)研(yan)磨(mo)(mo)壓(ya)力作(zuo)用(yong)下(xia)，能自動(dong)地(di)選擇局(ju)部凸出處(chu)(chu)進行加工(gong)(gong)，故僅切除兩者凸出處(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)材(cai)料，從而使研(yan)具與(yu)工(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)相(xiang)(xiang)互修正并逐步提高(gao)精(jing)(jing)度(du)(du)(du)。超精(jing)(jing)密研(yan)磨(mo)(mo)的(de)(de)加工(gong)(gong)精(jing)(jing)度(du)(du)(du)與(yu)構成相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)運(yun)動(dong)機床的(de)(de)精(jing)(jing)度(du)(du)(du)幾乎是無關的(de)(de)，主要是由工(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)與(yu)研(yan)具間的(de)(de)接觸(chu)性(xing)(xing)質和壓(ya)力特征、以及相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)運(yun)動(dong)軌跡的(de)(de)形態(tai)等因(yin)素決定的(de)(de)。

此外研(yan)磨(mo)(mo)加工(gong)(gong)適(shi)應性(xing)好，可以加工(gong)(gong)各種金屬材料(liao)、半(ban)導體材料(liao)、玻璃材料(liao)等(deng)固體材料(liao)，可以加工(gong)(gong)平面(mian)、孔、外圓(yuan)和(he)硅片基片等(deng)常見外形(xing)。超精(jing)密研(yan)磨(mo)(mo)是正在追(zhui)求切削和(he)磨(mo)(mo)削的加工(gong)(gong)效率，同時(shi)它本(ben)身具有(you)切削和(he)磨(mo)(mo)削達不到的加工(gong)(gong)精(jing)度(du)和(he)質量。研(yan)磨(mo)(mo)加工(gong)(gong)具有(you)適(shi)合于大批量生產、設備簡(jian)單、操(cao)作方便、加工(gong)(gong)精(jing)度(du)高等(deng)特點(dian)

　　拋(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)光(guang)是一(yi)個經(jing)常與研(yan)磨一(yi)起(qi)出現的(de)概念。拋(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)光(guang)是指用高(gao)速旋轉的(de)低彈(dan)性材料(liao)(棉布、毛(mao)氈、人(ren)造(zao)革等)拋(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)光(guang)盤(pan)，或(huo)用低速旋轉的(de)軟(ruan)質彈(dan)性或(huo)粘彈(dan)性材料(liao)(塑料(liao)、瀝青(qing)(qing)、石蠟、錫等)拋(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)光(guang)盤(pan)，加(jia)(jia)拋(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)光(guang)劑，具有一(yi)定研(yan)磨性質的(de)獲(huo)得光(guang)滑(hua)表(biao)面的(de)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)方法(fa)。簡(jian)言之，除(chu)磨料(liao)和研(yan)具材料(liao)的(de)選擇不同外(wai)，研(yan)磨和拋(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)光(guang)無本質區別(bie)(bie)。拋(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)光(guang)一(yi)般(ban)不能提(ti)高(gao)工(gong)(gong)件(jian)形(xing)狀精度(du)和尺寸精度(du)。拋(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)光(guang)通常使(shi)用的(de)是1μm以下的(de)微細磨粒，拋(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)光(guang)盤(pan)常用瀝青(qing)(qing)、石蠟、合成樹脂和人(ren)造(zao)革、錫等軟(ruan)質金屬(shu)或(huo)非金屬(shu)材料(liao)制成，磨料(liao)對工(gong)(gong)件(jian)的(de)作(zuo)用力(li)較(jiao)小，不能使(shi)工(gong)(gong)件(jian)產生裂紋(wen)。人(ren)們(men)習慣上把使(shi)用硬質研(yan)具的(de)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)方法(fa)稱(cheng)為研(yan)磨，把使(shi)用軟(ruan)質研(yan)具的(de)方法(fa)稱(cheng)為拋(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)光(guang)。實際上在超(chao)(chao)精密加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)領(ling)域中，超(chao)(chao)精密研(yan)磨和超(chao)(chao)精密拋(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)光(guang)沒有什么區別(bie)(bie)。